Furthermore, genetic assessments of Japanese indigenous chickens will provide new insights into the dispersal history and genomic evolution of domestic chickens. Population genetic analyses revealed that most Japanese indigenous chicken breeds possess unique genetic characteristics. In this study, molecular phylogenetic analyses suggested that Japanese indigenous chickens originated mainly from China, with some originating from Southeast Asia. Many ancient trade routes across the Eurasian continent played an important role in bringing various chicken breeds to each area, and Japan was one of the eastern ends of trade routes 1000–2000 years ago. Indigenous chicken breeds with unique genetic characteristics have been established according to their uses and habitat in the world. Chickens cannot fly or move long distances by themselves, and their introduction history is closely related to the history of human migration and trade. Chickens have long lived with humans as companion animals for religious, ornamental, food production, or entertainment purposes.
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